Civil Engine

IRRIGATION SYSTEM Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Surface irrigation Basin flood irrigation of wheat Surface irrigation is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In surface ( furrow , flood , or level basin ) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of an agricultural lands, in order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, borderstrip or basin irrigation . It is often called flood irrigation when the irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land. Historically, this has been the most common method of irrigating agricultural land and is still used in most parts of the world. ...

Top 10 Modern Engineering Marvels in the World

Top 10 Modern Engineering Marvels in the World 1. Millau Viaduct (Millau, France) Record it breaks: Tallest cable-stayed road bridge The bridge’s highest tower soars to 1,125 feet, making it the tallest cable-stayed road bridge in the world. Interestingly, the Millau Viaduct’s tallest towers surpass the Eiffel Tower (986 feet) and are almost as tall as the Empire State Building (1,250 feet). It is the 12th highest bridge in the world at 890 feet high below road deck (The Gateway Arch is 630 feet tall) and spans 8,071 feet (1 ½ miles). Route from Paris to Barcelona. 2. The Venice Tide Barrier Project (Venice, Italy) Record it breaks: World’s largest flood prevention project This innovative engineering feat, which consists of 78 rotating gates, is designed to keep the sea waters from entering the Venetian Lagoon if high tides and storms are in the forecast. The gates, e...

Reservoir – Dam Structure, Cross Section & Terminologies

Dam Structure: Dam – reservoir Structure, Cross Section ( Spillway. Sluice,water Level , Toe, Gallery, Heel ) What is reservoir ? The part of catchment’s area behind (upstream) the dam in which the water is stored. Spillways These are controlled/uncontrolled openings in the body of the dam or somewhere else on the reservoir periphery in order to convey the reservoir water downstream. Abutment The sloping sides of the valley upon which the dam rests. River or channel section Is the central portion of the dam that directly overlies the river channel. Heel The upstream portion of the dam where it contacts the foundation surface. Toe the downstream portion of the dam where it contacts the bearing surface. Crest Is the topmost plane on the dam, sometimes used as roadways/pedestrians etc. Parapet Walls walls along the length of the dam on either side of crest to afford safety to a road or a walkway. Axis of the dam An imaginary line drawn along th...

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